The prospect of physical exertion commonly acts as a deterrent to the adoption of cycling for everyday transport.A battery powered assistance torque electric motor could alleviate such physical exertion by reducing the effort required by the cyclist.This study investigates the potential effectiveness, efficiency, and energy saving of electrically-a
The invasive alien species Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was first observed in the UK in 2004.Previous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects on other species of H.axyridis during its early stages of establishment.However, habitat factors are important in determining distribution and population trends of ladybirds.Whilst the
The football team training algorithm (FTTA) is a new metaheuristic algorithm that was proposed in 2024.The FTTA has better performance but faces challenges such as poor convergence accuracy and ease of falling into local optimality due to limitations such as referring too much to the optimal individual for updating and insufficient perturbation of
In many cases involving hypothesis testing for parameters in multivariate Gaussian populations and certain other populations, likelihood ratio criteria, or their one-to-one functions, can be expressed in terms of the determinant of a real type-1 beta matrix.In geometrical probability problems, when the random points are type-1 beta distributed, the